Lastly, I ask what a post-national world state or polity might entail and address this in terms of whether cosmopolitanism, in some form or other, can transcend national identities, rivalries, and confrontations and provide the basis for a post-national world society. It also raises important substantive and political questions about the character of European national identity, if any, and the future of the European Union considered as a territorial state and/or nation-state. This raises interesting theoretical questions, which are explored in the conceptual part of the chapter. In the last case, this could arise because their national identity is denied political expression in the form of statehood and/or because their members are distributed among several states. This implies that: (a) not all states are national territorial states (b) not all national territorial states are nation-states – some are multi-national or have no clear national basis and (c) not all nations are associated with their own nation-state. It sometimes refers to relatively large territorial states (as opposed to, for example, city-states like Singapore or small principalities like Liechtenstein) and sometimes to states constituted on the basis of an imagined national community whose boundaries coincide with that state’s frontiers. The idea of nation-state is confused and confusing.
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